磁珠富集法分离柿微卫星标记

【目的】分离柿属植物的微卫星标记,为柿种质资源的分类、进化等遗传研究奠定基础。【方法】提取磨盘柿(Diospyros kaki)基因组DNA后,用EcoRⅠ和MesⅠ2种内切酶酶切并连接接头,再用接头特异引物进行PCR扩增。扩增产物与生物素标记的(GA)15和(AC)15探针杂交,杂交复合物用链亲和素包裹磁珠进行结合,得到单链DNA目标片段,经PCR扩增,连接pGEM-T载体,转化入感受态大肠杆菌,得到微卫星富集小插入片段DNA文库。用Colony-PCR法筛选阳性克隆,进行测序分析。【结果】测序96个克隆,54个含微卫星序列,24个为有效微卫星序列,其中完美型(perfect)9个,占37.5%;非完美型(imperfect)7个,占29.2%;混合型(compound)8个,占33.3%(。GA)n重复最为常见。21条含微卫星序列已登录GenBank(Accession Number:EF567396~EF567416)。成功设计21对引物,经初步筛选,14对表现出多态性。【结论】试验方法分离柿基因组微卫星简便有效,得到的多态性引物可用于柿种质资源的遗传研究。     

Efficiency of three boar sperm enrichment techniques

The objective of the study was to investigate the efficiency of three enrichment methods to separate boar spermatozoa. Twenty-four ejaculates from 12 boars (2 ejaculates/boar) were extended (30 × 10⁶ spermatozoa/mL) in commercial Beltsville Thawing Solution. Each semen sample was processed with glass wool column (GW) and glass beads (GB) filtration and with the single-layer centrifugation (SLC) technique. Semen samples before (control; C) and after treatment were evaluated for sperm CASA motility/kinetics and concentration, viability, morphology and chromatin integrity. Data were analysed with mixed models. The concentration of total and motile spermatozoa was significantly decreased after treatment in groups GW and SLC, but not in group GB. Group GW showed increased values of WOB compared with both groups C and GB. Group GB showed greater values of rapid movement spermatozoa and lower values of slow movement spermatozoa compared with group C. In group SLC, higher values of VSL, LIN and STR were observed compared with group C. In conclusion, all techniques under examination enhanced various CASA variables. Based on our results, the GB method is a promising alternative separation technique for boar sperm and deserves further research regarding swine in vitro fertilization.     

东北山葡萄酵母菌基因组DNA提取方法的比较研究

利用液氮研磨法、蜗牛酶法和玻璃珠法提取东北山葡萄分离的酵母菌株S60基因组DNA,采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳、微量核酸蛋白测定仪和PCR方法检测基因组DNA的纯度和浓度。结果显示,蜗牛酶法提取的酵母菌基因组DNA纯度最好、浓度最高;液氮研磨法提取的基因组DNA浓度虽然较高,但含有较多的蛋白等杂质;玻璃珠法提取的酵母菌基因组DNA纯度和浓度均最低。     

磁珠富集法与小片段克隆法筛选鲤微卫星的比较研究

用2种方法克隆黑龙江鲤(Cyprinus(Cyprinus)carpio haonatopterus)的微卫星序列。这2种方法分别是：①经典的小片段DNA克隆库,用末端标记的[γ^-32]ATP的CA重复序列为探针筛选;②将酶切获得的小片段DNA用结合有磁珠的并连接有15个CA重复序列的生物素进行富集,获得的含有CA重复的DNA片段并经过两次PCR扩增再克隆的方法获得富集微卫星片段的克隆库。从前一个方法的克隆库中筛选2000个菌落,获得阳性克隆45个,有22个含有微卫星,完美型的占63．6％,非完美型的占22．7％,混合型的占13．7％,重复次数超过10的有9个,占40．9％;从方法②的克隆库中筛选2600个菌落,获得阳性克隆1300个,测序其中的390个克隆,微卫星314个,完美型的占79．0％;非完美型的占14．3％;混合型的占6．7％,重复次数超过10的有293个,占93．3％。结果表明,用生物素结合磁珠富集法克隆微卫星效率高,成本低,所获微卫星质量高,是一种值得推荐的微卫星制备方法。     

大黄鱼微卫星标记的富集与筛选

根据生物素与链霉亲和素的亲和原理，采用生物素-磁珠富集微卫星，与传统放射性同位素杂交法相结合，构建筛选大黄鱼的微卫星文库。用生物素-微卫星捕捉单链限制性酶切片段（含有接头和大黄鱼微卫星序列），经PCR扩增单链目的片段形成双链，然后连接至T载体上，转化感受态细胞。将移至硝酸纤维素膜的重组菌用^32P标记的放射性同位素探针50[γ-^32P]ATP（CA）15筛选出阳性克隆菌。测序结果发现，阳性克隆率为71.9％，105个微卫星位点。其中选取设计合成30对并筛选出22对可用引物。说明所建大黄鱼微卫星文库是一个高质量的文库，可为大黄鱼基因组结构分析、大黄鱼精密微卫星连锁图谱构建、分子进化和系统发育研究、分子标记辅助育种以及经济性状的QTL定位提供大量的微卫星标记。     

磁珠富集法筛选虾夷扇贝微卫星序列

采用生物素-磁珠吸附微卫星富集法，筛选虾夷扇贝（Patinopecten yessoensis）微卫星分子标记，并用同位素法进行二次筛选。结果在筛选的192个菌落中获得136个阳性克隆，经测序分析，获得微卫星序列179个，其中完美型占50.8％，非完美型43.0％，混合型占6.1％。除探针中使用的CA重复外，还得到TC、AG、ACA、CTAT的重复序列。用引物设计软件Primer Premier5.0设计引物85对，挑选其中的40对合成并进行筛选。     

Development of lipid microbeads for delivery of lipid and water-soluble materials to Artemia

Lipid spray beads (LSB) containing high concentrations of phospholipids were produced in order to improve their dispersion in both fresh and saltwater. The beads were developed to deliver both fat-soluble and water-soluble micronutrients to Artemia and other suspension feeders. LSB were prepared by spraying molted lipid into a chamber that was cooled with liquid nitrogen in order to solidify the lipid beads. Addition of soy lecithin to LSB did not affect retention of glycine when the beads were suspended in distilled water. There was an initial loss of 80% incorporated glycine after LSB were suspended in water for 20min. Artemia readily ingested riboflavin-containing LSB and their full guts were evident within 30min of feeding. The riboflavin content of Artemia could be increased from 55 ±  0.6 mg kg^− 1 (dw) to 329 ± 62 mg kg^− 1 (dw) after 1h enrichment. LSB prepared with phospholipids are promising vehicles for enrichment of suspension-feeding organisms used as feed for larval marine fish and crustaceans as well as other suspension feeders.     

用SSR分子标记分析无融合生殖龙须草的遗传多样性

采用磁珠富集法构建龙须草微卫星文库,并开发出27对具有多态性的SSR引物,利用其中具有扩增差异的8对稳定的SSR引物,对龙须草11个居群和71个单株进行聚类分析。结果表明:居群间共检测到123个等位基因,每对引物可以稳定检测到6~34个多态性片段。居群间的遗传相似系数为0.70~0.97,聚类分析将11个居群划分为4个类群,表明龙须草大多数居群之间的分化程度较低,与无融合生殖的特性相吻合。采用UPGMA法将分散在龙须草11个居群的71个单株分为3个群,与以居群为单位的研究结果相近;但是,星子居群内的3个单株、洋县居群的1个单株分别与本居群亲缘关系较远并与其他居群亲缘关系较近,显示在这2个居群内不同单株间存在较大的遗传差异,这种差异可能是居群内单株间无融合生殖程度不同所致。因此,在这2个居群内可能存在有性生殖频度较高的单株。     

牦牛基因组串联重复序列（AC）n/（GT）n的分离

采用Dynal磁珠-生物素标记的（AC）12探针和牦牛基因组MboⅠ酶切片段杂交,富集牦牛基因组（AC）n/（GT）n串联重复序列并构建基因文库,阳性克隆率达到61.1%。通过对176个阳性克隆的测序获得含有（AC）n/（GT）n重复的序列92条,其中连续型重复序列40条（占43.48%）,间断型41条（占44.57%）,复合型11条（占11.96%）。从92条序列中又筛选出重复次数大于10次的（AC）n/（GT）n序列59条。相对连续型重复序列,牦牛基因组中间断型重复序列所占比率并没有显著上升,可以推测牦牛自身基因组DNA损伤修复能力的适应性进化水平较高,足以承受高海拔地区强紫外线导致的基因组核苷酸替换突变等自然选择压力。本研究从牦牛基因组分离的全新（AC）n/（GT）n重复序列将在牦牛品种/类群内遗传结构分析、品种/类群之间遗传关系研究以及牦牛个体/群体生产或适应性性状的分子标记研究等方面具有重要应用价值。